Nevertheless, it is not soluble in acidic water, which allowed Winkler to discover the element. The first step is to determine how many valence electrons SiO2 has. Contents The wave function is a complex function that gives the probability of finding the system in a specific state. [84] Germanium crystals are also used in X-ray spectrometers for the determination of phosphorus, chlorine and sulfur. Step 1: Count the total number of valence electrons in SiO2. The carbon atoms in the chemical structure of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE are implied to be located at the corner(s) and hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms are not indicated each carbon atom is considered to be associated with enough hydrogen atoms to provide the carbon atom with four bonds. [81], In recent years germanium has seen increasing use in precious metal alloys. [69][70] It has replaced titania as the dopant for silica fiber, eliminating the subsequent heat treatment that made the fibers brittle. Want To Start Your Own Blog But Don't Know How To? Xiuling Li A locked padlock) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Structure and Bonding - Overview. Observed density is 5.323 g/cm 3 and diamagnetic in nature. b. AceHighTechCity 2-Cha, 25 Seonyu-ro 13-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, 07282 Seoul, Republic of Korea. Product Description. For FREE! After removing some of the zinc in the precipitate by the Waelz process, the residing Waelz oxide is leached a second time. S forms six bonds with each I atom that account for 6 2 = 12 electrons, while the three lone pairs each I has . June 30, 2022 by . [37] Other oxidation states are rare: +3 is found in compounds such as Ge2Cl6, and +3 and +1 are found on the surface of oxides,[38] or negative oxidation states in germanides, such as 4 in Mg2Ge. Size: -60 mesh powder or 1-15mm pieces. MSE Supplies 99.99% 4N high purity Germanium Disulfide (Germanium Sulfide), GeS2 Powder is less than 325 mesh size (D50 < 10 um). It was first discovered in 1886 by C.A. Selenium disulfide. A promising anisotropic semiconductor with unique vdW structure, germanium disulfide is currently of particular research interest into its potential in energy storage applications such as solid state batteries. Below are the steps to draw the lewis structure of the PF3 molecule. For example, germanium tetrachloride, GeCl4, is obtained as a colorless fuming liquid boiling at 83.1C by heating the metal with chlorine. Tellurium (Te) has an atomic mass of Find out about its Electron Configuration, [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4. The formula for carbon disulfide is A. CSi2 B. C2s C. CS2 D. CaS2 E. (CS)2. [57][58][59] Some zinc-copper-lead ore bodies contain enough germanium to justify extraction from the final ore concentrate. 2. The Lewis structure for HCl is a singly bonded H atom and Cl atom. [3] History[ edit] Shape: Powder, lump, chunk. Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]: Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure! Structure, bonding and formation of molecular germanium oxides, hydroxides and oxyhydroxides. university of southern maine accelerated nursing program acceptance rate July 4, 2022 germanium disulfide lewis structurebritish white cattle for sale in washingtonbritish white cattle for sale in washington 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Lewis Dot Diagram of Tellurium (Te). [34], Pure germanium is known to spontaneously extrude very long screw dislocations, referred to as germanium whiskers. Steps to draw Lewis structure of HCl . 1. In a lewis dot structure the electrons which complete an octet but are not located between two atoms are referred to as . Join our subscribers list to get the latest news, updates and special offers delivered directly in your inbox. Oxygen's electronic configuration = 1s2 2s2 2p4. Starkville Daily News National Championship, Below are the steps to draw the lewis structure of the PF3 molecule. Check out a sample Q&A here See Solution star_border Students who've seen this question also like: Chemistry Bonding: General Concepts. The reflectivity has advantages over silicon in neutron and high energy X-ray applications. [27] The remaining 5% went into such uses as phosphors, metallurgy, and chemotherapy. 29 May, 2022 The structure of 1T-M 1 S 2 was refined on the basis of 1T-TiS 2 as host structure. sterling silver cremation jewelry; overton county school district; the old stagecoach eastman johnson analysis. Please double check the email address (It may or may not be correct). [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-015-0614-8] Beryllium iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula BeI 2. 17.2, the solid framework is amorphous. List of Lewis Structures. [24] There is, however, no medical evidence of benefit; some evidence suggests that such supplements are actively harmful. What is the Molecular Geometry BiF61-close. Germanium disulfide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Germanium disulfide or Germanium (IV) sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ge S 2. Germanium Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Correct! 2016 - Crown Holiday Lighting - All rights reserved. A step-by-step explanation of how to draw the GeCl4 Lewis Dot Structure.For the GeCl4 structure use the periodic table to find the total number of valence electrons for the GeCl4 molecule. Draw the correct Lewis structure for the HCP molecule. tutor. Due to the substantial Lewis acid stabilisation of the Ge(0) atom in 1, the Ge(0) atom can be readily oxidised with elemental chalcogens to form, in solvent-dependent reactions, the first donor-acceptor stabilised isolable monomeric germanium disulfide 2, diselenide 3, monoselenide 4, and monotelluride complex 5, respectively. nbcsn spectrum channel raleigh nc; daniel cusimano disney; ronnie lott age. You should consult the Lewis structure rules and a periodic table while doing this exercise. . Particularly, a very hard special antireflection coating of diamond-like carbon (DLC), refractive index 2.0, is a good match and produces a diamond-hard surface that can withstand much environmental abuse. In mid-1885, at a mine near Freiberg, Saxony, a new mineral was discovered and named argyrodite because of its high silver content. germanium disulfide lewis structurenarrative sovereignty. prayer to venus; the swift group merrill lynch. NF3 lewis dot structure contains 1 lone pair and 3 bonded pairs. [55] Only a few minerals like argyrodite, briartite, germanite, renierite and sphalerite contain appreciable amounts of germanium. Germanium is determined in aqueous matrix at the part-per-trillion level by a combination of hydride generation, graphite furnace atomization, and atomic absorption detection. The contents of this page can freely be shared if cited as follows: The Lewis structure for HCl is a singly bonded H atom and Cl atom. Simple, robust molecular self-assembly on germanium. Combined gas electron diffraction/mass spectrometric study of beryllium diiodide assisted by quantum chemical calculations: structure and thermodynamics of beryllium dihalides, Structural Chemistry. The Ge-S distance is 2.19 . the physical properties of the molecule (like boiling point, surface tension, etc. At least one metal selected from Group 10 is deposited on the medium pore zeolite and, optionally on the germanium aluminophosphate (AIPO) or a germanium silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO). [70] GeSbTe is a phase change material used for its optic properties, such as that used in rewritable DVDs. Molecular Structure, Selenium(II) Chloride, Gas Electron Diffraction The electron diffraction pattern of the vapor from a sample of SeCU has been recorded with a reservoir and nozzle temperature of about 175 C. It is a white high-melting crystallinesolid. 4. In the Lewis structure of GeCl4. Australia's Top Business Stories The germanium-73 chemical shift of hexacoordinated germanium in the hexakis (cyano)germanate (2-) anionKupce, E.; Lukevics, E CODEN: JOMRA4; ISSN:0022-2364. write. Being directly below silicon in the periodic table, germanium has quite similar chemistry and early studies of phytoplankton that make up their structural skeletons ('tests') of biogenic silica (e.g., diatoms), showed that they take up germanium along . Find out the number of valence electrons further needed of a single PF3 molecule to stabilize itself. S has 6 valence electrons and each I atom has 7 valence electrons, for a total of 6 +6 7 = 48 electrons that need to be accounted for. [75] Silicon-germanium is beginning to replace gallium arsenide (GaAs) in wireless communications devices. Lewis Structures are important to learn because they help us predict: the shape of a molecule. Click on the molecule's name to see the answer, but first try to do it yourself! Draw the Lewis structure for each organic compound from its condensed structural formula.a . [76] Germanium is the substrate of the wafers for high-efficiency multijunction photovoltaic cells for space applications, such as the Mars Exploration Rovers, which use triple-junction gallium arsenide on germanium cells. For a better understanding of the chemical structure, an interactive 3D visualization of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE is provided here. How many single bonds are found in the Lewis structure of germanium disulfide? Germanium tetrachloride is either hydrolyzed to the oxide (GeO2) or purified by fractional distillation and then hydrolyzed. Class. [20] The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955. Are you looking for a dependable contractor to lend you a helping hand? Start your trial now! Therefore, the number of valence electrons in the Carbon atom =4. We have already recommended your company to a bunch of our friends. Norihiro Tokitoh works at Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Goka and is well known for Crystal Structure, Xray Crystallographic Analysis and Carbon Disulfide. Table: Most Common Bonding Patterns for the Nonmetallic Elements Group 14 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 4 bonds No lone pairs 3 bonds 1 lone pair 2 bonds 2 lone pairs 1 bond 3 lone pairs on Lewis Dot Diagram For Tellurium. 1, B. J. Nathan Hohman ab, Moonhee Kim ab, Heidi R. Bednar a, Jeffrey A. Lawrence c, Patrick D. McClanahan d and Paul S. Weiss * abde a California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Done on a Dell Dimension laptop computer with a Wacom digital tablet (Bamboo). arrow_forward. [24] These end uses represented 85% of worldwide germanium consumption in 2000. [51], At least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. The Oxygen and Carbon have an octet in their outer shell and the Hydrogen has filled valence shells. [55] An unusual natural enrichment process causes a high content of germanium in some coal seams, discovered by Victor Moritz Goldschmidt during a broad survey for germanium deposits. The least stable is 60Ge, with a half-life of 30ms. [50], Germanium is created by stellar nucleosynthesis, mostly by the s-process in asymptotic giant branch stars. The Lewis structure of formaldehyde is shown below demonstrating that four electrons are being shared between the carbon atom and the oxygen atom, there are 4 unshared valence electrons on the Oxygen. Germanium hydride and germanium tetrahydride are very flammable and even explosive when mixed with air. Once we know how many valence electrons there are in GeCl4 we can distribute them around the central atom with the goal of filling the outer shells of each atom. b) AsCl3: number of electron pair around As = 4. bond pair = 3. lone pair = 4 - 3 = 1. so molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal shape. 17.2, the solid framework is amorphous. Ceniga's Masonry has been catering to the needs of the local residents for many years, and we have more than 50 years of combined experience in the residential masonry industry. If you are in the market for an affordable and quality masonry service in Bend, OR, you have come to the right place! Selenium disulfide is a sulfide of selenium. In the Lewis Structure of OF2, both Fluorine atoms share a single bond with the Oxygen. We review their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Draw a Lewis electron dot diagram for an atom or a monatomic ion. northwestern law school class profile; rhetorical devices in julius caesar act 1, scene 2; american school lunch vs other countries; rick ross wingstop net worth germanium sulfide. Know/ memorize . At standard temperature and pressure it seems to be silvery . {\displaystyle 19.7_{-0.5}^{+0.6}~{\text{eV}}} A. The Cys459-Cys486 disulfide bond that is disordered in the E2 core structures is shown. SF 5 Cl - Sulfur Monochloride Pentafluoride. Germanium is a group IVB metalloid, and therefore chemically quite different from the transition metals we have been considering so far. The key is to understand the steps and practice. It was first discovered in 1886 by C.A. 03/07/2022. Adding the remaining 4 electrons to the oxygen (as two lone pairs) gives the following structure: This is the Lewis structure we drew earlier. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. 0.5 celebrity wifi packages cost. [note 1] The chemist Clemens Winkler analyzed this new mineral, which proved to be a combination of silver, sulfur, and a new element. Every chemistry student has to learn how to draw Lewis Dot Structures. Germanium disulfide or Germanium (IV) sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ge S 2. [9] The physical data from those compoundswhich corresponded well with Mendeleev's predictionsmade the discovery an important confirmation of Mendeleev's idea of element periodicity. In chemistry, the structure and bonding of atoms, molecules, and crystals is described by quantum mechanics. Germanium powder is an important chemical with a variety of applications. Germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite (the primary ore of zinc), though germanium is also recovered commercially from silver, lead, and copper ores. NF3 is polar in nature. View cookie policy. Write a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules and ions: (a) (CH3)3SiH (b) SiO4 4 (c) Si2H6 (d) Si(OH)4 (e) SiF6 2 102. how the molecule might react with other molecules. Every chemistry student has to learn how to draw Lewis Dot Structures. For example, germanium chloride and germane (GeH4) are a liquid and gas, respectively, that can be very irritating to the eyes, skin, lungs, and throat. How to Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for GeCl4: Germanium tetrachloride Wayne Breslyn 624K subscribers Subscribe 30 Share 4.6K views 2 years ago A step-by-step explanation of how to draw the. [91], Precautions for chemically reactive germanium compounds, Just as the existence of the new element had been predicted, the existence of the planet, R. Hermann published claims in 1877 of his discovery of a new element beneath, Last edited on 12 February 2023, at 19:33, in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust, Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, "Critical Metals Ga, Ge and In: Experimental Evidence for Smelter Recovery Improvements", "D. I. Mendeleev's concept of chemical elements and, "Mittheilungen ber des Germanium. Germanium disulfide (GeS2) or germanium (IV) sulfide is a white high melting crystalline solid. How many single bonds are found in the Lewis structure of germanium disulfide? asked to draw a reasonable Lewis structure for each. Tellurium (Te) has an atomic mass of Find out about its Electron Configuration, [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4. Germanium powder is an important chemical with a variety of applications. Refer to your Lewis structure for GeS 2 What are the bond angles found in germanium disulfide? Screen capture done with Camtasia Studio 4.0. [24], Under standard conditions, germanium is a brittle, silvery-white, semi-metallic element. [26] From 1950 through the early 1970s, this area provided an increasing market for germanium, but then high-purity silicon began replacing germanium in transistors, diodes, and rectifiers. See the table below. These make it especially useful for wide-angle camera lenses, microscopy, and the core part of optical fibers. b. The main pathways of chemical transformations of these compounds are considered. American Elements: Certified bulk & lab quantity manufacturer & supplier of high purity metals, chemicals, nanoparticles & other advanced materials. Germanium disulfide | GeS2 | CID 82816 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . GeCl2: number of electron pair around Ge = 3. bond pair = 2. lone pair = 3 - 2 = 1. so molecular geometry is Bent shape. Need to identify active compounds in your natural products? The structure of 1T-M 1 S 2 was refined on the basis of 1T-TiS 2 as host structure. This is primarily because it usually occurs only as a trace element in ores and carbonaceous materials, and the various industrial and electronic applications involve very small quantities that are not likely to be ingested. A. Germanium disulfide is a white powder with a certain degree of solubility in water, easily soluble in hot alkali, and soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. How many lone pairs of electrons are shown in the molecule? High Paying Jobs In The Early 1900s, Germanium Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Our main area of expertise is, but not limited to, decorative work including retaining walls, fireplaces, columns, and smokestacks. 12025-34-2 . learn. Product number . Ge 2 S 3 is available in high purity forms such as sputtering targets, powder, or evaporation materials. The germanium is reduced by sodium borohydride to germane (GeH 4 ), stripped from solution by a helium gas stream, and collected in a liquid-nitrogen-cooled trap. . [37] GeS2 forms as a white precipitate when hydrogen sulfide is passed through strongly acid solutions containing Ge(IV). First week only $4.99! Plasma and urine germanium concentrations in these individuals, several of whom died, were several orders of magnitude greater than endogenous levels. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Who are the experts? arrow_forward. B. oxygen, phosphorus, germanium C. helium, neon, argon D. nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine E. nitrogen, sulfur, bromine. stefano buscetta motorcycle accident Cheap Term Paper Writing Service. We use cultured stone, block, brick, river rock, as well as other types of real stone. Presently, the major end uses are fibre-optic systems, infrared optics, solar cell applications, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). GeCl4 is also called Germanium tetrachloride.For a complete tutorial on drawing Lewis Structures, see my video: https://youtu.be/1ZlnzyHahvoFor more practice, see https://youtu.be/DQclmBeIKTcTo learn to find the valence electrons: https://youtu.be/VBp7mKdcrDkGet more chemistry help at https://www.Breslyn.org/chemistry/bonding/index-bonding.phpDrawing/writing done in InkScape. S has 6 valence electrons and each I atom has 7 valence electrons, for a total of 6 +6 7 = 48 electrons that need to be accounted for. [27] For example, the company that became Fairchild Semiconductor was founded in 1957 with the express purpose of producing silicon transistors. [87], Germanium is not considered essential to the health of plants or animals. Most elements contains. It is a white high-melting crystalline solid. Russia and China used this as a source for germanium. [88] U.S. Food and Drug Administration research has concluded that inorganic germanium, when used as a nutritional supplement, "presents potential human health hazard". Expert Answer. how to add trusted domain in office 365 admin; andrea lowe family; the monitor newspaper mcallen, tx phone number; how much does a smoke shop make a month. [43] By heating the disulfide in a current of hydrogen, the monosulfide (GeS) is formed, which sublimes in thin plates of a dark color and metallic luster, and is soluble in solutions of the caustic alkalis. The GERMANIUM DISULFIDE compound may be called differently depending on the various different situations of industrial applications. The compound is a 3-dimensional polymer, in contrast to silicon disulfide, which is a one-dimensional polymer. Mazda Cx 3 Diesel Problems, During World War II, small amounts of germanium were used in some special electronic devices, mostly diodes. It is the focal point of our living room and adds to its warm and cozy ambiance. The information of the atoms, bonds, connectivity and coordinates included in the chemical structure of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE can easily be identified by this visualization. We've got the study and writing resources you need for your assignments . Draw the Lewis structure for NO 3-and HCP. Because it seldom appears in high concentration, germanium was discovered comparatively late in the discovery of the elements. sterling silver cremation jewelry; overton county school district; the old stagecoach eastman johnson analysis. A locked padlock) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Home; About us; . [24], Germanium differs from silicon in that the supply is limited by the availability of exploitable sources, while the supply of silicon is limited only by production capacity since silicon comes from ordinary sand and quartz. NF3 lewis dot structure contains 1 lone pair and 3 bonded pairs. Germanium dioxide, also called germanium (IV) oxide, germania, and salt of germanium, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ge O 2. Click on the molecule's name to see the answer, but first try to do it yourself! In appearance it is a solid. It is lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white and similar in appearance to silicon. Similar to silicon and aluminium, naturally-occurring germanium compounds tend to be insoluble in water and thus have little oral toxicity. tutor. [54], Germanium's abundance in the Earth's crust is approximately 1.6ppm. We go out of our way to complete jobs on time and in a courteous and friendly manner. [21][22] The first major use was the point-contact Schottky diodes for radar pulse detection during the War. Since silicon is in the 14th group of the periodic table and oxygen is in the 16th group, silicon has a 4 valence electron and oxygen has 6. [note 2] However, the name "neptunium" had already been given to another proposed chemical element (though not the element that today bears the name neptunium, which was discovered in 1940). A chemical structure of a molecule includes the arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. Germanium disulfide or Germanium(IV) sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula GeS2. gabriel bateman parents; avanti west coast covid seating plan Abrir menu. [48], Using a ligand called Eind (1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7-octaethyl-s-hydrindacen-4-yl) germanium is able to form a double bond with oxygen (germanone). Amorphous germanium disulfide shows a photoinduced change of its chemical and physical properties when exposed to light. The catalyst is a medium pore germanium zeolite, a germanium aluminophosphate (AIPO) or a germanium silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO). write. The molecular geometry or shape of NF3 is a trigonal pyramid and its electron geometry is tetrahedral. The shell provides exceptional chemical stability to the layered GeS core. germanium disulfide lewis structure3 carat emerald cut diamond ring with baguettes. Germanium is a group IVB metalloid, and therefore chemically quite different from the transition metals we have been considering so far. The molecular formula of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE is available in chemical formula page of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE, which identifies each constituent element by its chemical symbol and indicates the proportionate number of atoms of each element. We review their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Conversion of complicated chemical-related units is no longer sophisticated with the aid of UnitPot. It is a white high-melting crystalline solid. Specification: Germanium sulfide (GeS2), also known as germanium disulfide or germanium (IV) sulfide, is a white crystalline solid when pure. We also produce germanium (II) sulfide (GeS) and germanium (IV) sulfide (GeS 2). REVIEW | Find, read and cite all the research . [83] Crystals of high purity germanium are used in detectors for gamma spectroscopy and the search for dark matter. Heat of Vaporization at Normal Boiling Point, Structure Data File (SDF/MOL File) of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE, download in the SDF page of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE, chemical formula page of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE, molecular weight page of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE, 2 bond(s) - 2 non-H bond(s), 2 multiple bond(s) and 2 double bond(s). Selenium rarely occurs in its elemental state . 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Lewis Dot Diagram of Tellurium (Te). PUGVIEW FETCH ERROR: 403 Forbidden National Center for Biotechnology Information 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA Contact Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health [51] Because of this, it is used in combination with radon for nuclear batteries. Their structure closely depends upon thermal conditions of synthesis. Please try again or contact us. Two oxides of germanium are known: germanium dioxide (GeO2, germania) and germanium monoxide, (GeO). [73][74], Germanium can be alloyed with silicon, and silicon-germanium alloys are rapidly becoming an important semiconductor material for high-speed integrated circuits. By right-clicking the visualization screen, various other options are available including the visualization of van der Waals surface and exporting to a image file. [10] Argyrodite proved empirically to be Ag8GeS6. For physicochemical, thermodynamic, and other property data & information, the followings are available from ChemRTP, a real-time chemical predictor based on an advanced QSPR: The SMILES string of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE is S=[Ge]=S, which can be can be imported by most molecule editors for conversion back into two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models of the GERMANIUM DISULFIDE. Their structure closely depends upon thermal conditions of synthesis. Once the sample is isolated in the XPS chamber, acquire the uranium-4 F oxygen-1 S and valence band spectra as before. [30] At pressures above 120 kbar, germanium becomes the allotrope -germanium with the same structure as -tin. Then, try SnaPeaks simply upload your MS/MS data and SnaPeaks will provide whats in your natural products. Cheap Term Paper Writing Service. The structure data file (SDF/MOL File) of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE is available for download in the SDF page of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE, which provides the information about the atoms, bonds, connectivity and coordinates of GERMANIUM DISULFIDE. Accessibility statement; Freedom of inf Is there a masonry project you have in mind? SI 6 's molecular geometry is octahedral. CS2 has two S atoms, hence, the valence electrons in sulfur here are 6*2=12. [70] It has a very high refractive index (4.0) and must be coated with anti-reflection agents. Write a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules and ions: (a) (CH3)3SiH (b) SiO4 4 (c) Si2H6 (d) Si(OH)4 (e) SiF6 2 102. The structure of 1T-M 1 S 2 was refined on the basis of 1T-TiS 2 as host structure. Identifiers ; CAS Number. When this structure is completed following the octet/duet rule, how many hydrogen atoms are bonded to the first carbon? [31], Germanium is a semiconductor having an indirect bandgap, as is crystalline silicon.

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